{"id":64013,"date":"2011-10-16T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2011-10-16T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kentyasam.com.tr\/wp\/?p=64013"},"modified":"2011-10-16T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2011-10-16T00:00:00","slug":"izmir-izmir-in-tarihi-ve-izmir-de-tarih-yazimi-uzerine-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kentyasam.com.tr\/wp\/2011\/10\/16\/izmir-izmir-in-tarihi-ve-izmir-de-tarih-yazimi-uzerine-5\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130zmir, \u0130zmir’in tarihi ve \u0130zmir’de tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerine – 5"},"content":{"rendered":"\u015eimdiye kadar \u0130zmir ile ilgi yay\u0131nlarda kente dair bilgilerin nas\u0131l yanl\u0131\u015f olarak dolay\u0131ma sokuldu\u011fu \u00fczerinde durduk. Bu yaz\u0131da iki kavram \u00fczerinde durmakta yarar oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Bu iki kavram da, \u0130zmir\u0092i tan\u0131mlarken veya \u0130zmir\u0092e s\u0131fat ekleme ihtiyac\u0131 duyuldu\u011funda s\u0131kl\u0131kla kullan\u0131lan iki kavramd\u0131r: Levanten ve Kozmopolit.\r
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Asl\u0131nda her iki kavram da birbiriyle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f; zaman zaman birbirinin yerine kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kozmopolit \u0130zmir veya Levanten \u015eehri \u0130zmir. Bu kavramlar\u0131n 19. yy\u0092da Bat\u0131l\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu kavramlar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131\u0092n\u0131n \u00e7ok milletli yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 anlamaktan \u00e7ok Bat\u0131\u0092n\u0131n tan\u0131mlama ve kavramla\u015ft\u0131rma merak\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. \r
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Kendi \u00fczerine bilgi \u00fcret(e)meyen toplumlar tan\u0131mlanmaya ve kavramla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya mahk\u00fbmdur, d\u00fcsturundan hareketle; bu kavramla\u015ft\u0131rma zaman i\u00e7inde o toplum taraf\u0131ndan da kabul edilir noktaya gelmi\u015fse vay ki ne vay!\r
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Bu iki kavram\u0131 hatta bir \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kavram olan \u009319. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0092da \u0130zmir\u0092in bir Rum\/Yunan \u015fehri oldu\u011fu\u0094 sav\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrenler kenti kendi bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan tan\u0131mlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r! \r
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Bunu yaparlarken, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, kentin H\u0131ristiyan ge\u00e7mi\u015finden ve Greko-Romen izlerinden dolay\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bunun \u00fczerine 1830\u0092lardan itibaren kente ak\u0131n ak\u0131n gelmeye ba\u015flayan Fil Helen Bat\u0131 Avrupal\u0131 ser\u00fcvenciler, ayd\u0131nlar, t\u00fcccarlar, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 da ekleyince tan\u0131mlama tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu dillerin, dinlerin ve kimliklerin harman\u0131n\u0131 da tan\u0131mlamak gayet kolay olmu\u015ftur: Levanten \u015eehri – Kozmopolit \u015eehir!\r
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Hemen k\u0131saca belirtmeliyim ki; bu iki tan\u0131mlama da k\u00f6ks\u00fczl\u00fc\u011fe i\u015faret etmektedir.\r
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Kozmopolit ile ba\u015flayal\u0131m. Kozmopolitizm, 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Avrupas\u0131\u0092nda Aristokrasi\u0092ye kar\u015f\u0131 burjuvazi taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir kavram ve bir kar\u015f\u0131 duru\u015ftur. Aristokrasi\u0092nin y\u00fczy\u0131llara dayal\u0131 gelene\u011fi, asaleti ve unvan\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki y\u00fckselen s\u0131n\u0131f burjuvazinin tepkisidir. Kozmopolitizm, tarihte, kendi geleneklerini korumaktan gurur duyan se\u00e7kinler, aristokratlar ya da y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131flardan ziyade kendilerine yeni ve geni\u015f ufuklar arayan alt s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131nda geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Kozmopolitlik, feodal y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerden, unvanlardan ve kendisine miras kalan bir servetten yoksun olan burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015f bir ya\u015fam tarz\u0131d\u0131r. Kozmopolit k\u0131saca k\u00f6ks\u00fczd\u00fcr, me\u00e7huld\u00fcr ve yabanc\u0131d\u0131r. \r
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Gelelim Anadolu\u0092nun dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da \u0130zmir\u0092in halklar\u0131na; Rum, Ermeni, Yahudi ve T\u00fcrk. Bunlar\u0131n hepsi de geleneklerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ya\u015fayan, itikatlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131nda uygulayan insanlard\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131\u0092n\u0131n cemaat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde zaten farkl\u0131 da olamazd\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu insanlar\u0131n ve topluluklar\u0131n ne kozmopolitlikle ne de kozmopolitizm ile bir ilintisi yoktur ve olamaz.\r
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Burada e\u011fer bu d\u00f6neme ili\u015fkin bir tan\u0131mlama yap\u0131lacak olursa -ki zaten yap\u0131lan da odur- \u0130zmir\u0092in bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Alsancak ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 tutabilece\u011fimiz Frenk Mahallesi\u0092nin kozmopolitli\u011finden s\u00f6z edebiliriz. Zaten bu durum da Orhan Kurmu\u015f\u0092un kitab\u0131nda m\u00fckemmel ifadesini bulan \u0093Emperyalizm\u0092in T\u00fcrkiye\u0092ye Giri\u015fi\u0092ne\u0094 tekab\u00fcl etmektedir. \u00d6zellikle 1830 Yunan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan sonra ve Fransa\u0092n\u0131n yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f har\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmas\u0131ndan sonra kente ve y\u00f6reye ak\u0131n eden Bat\u0131 Avrupal\u0131lar \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir tan\u0131mlamad\u0131r bu. \u0130zmir\u0092in bu uzun y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131na ili\u015fkin y\u00fczlerce, binlerce yaz\u0131, makale bulmak zor de\u011fildir.\r
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\u015eu iki \u00f6rnek 19. yy. \u0130zmir\u0092inin Bat\u0131\u0092da nas\u0131l alg\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda bize fikir verir:\r
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\u0093…Adetlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden sonsuz bir h\u00fcrriyet i\u00e7inde ya\u015fan\u0131r. Kimseyi hayrete d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeden her \u015fey yap\u0131labilir. En tuhaf olan \u015fey bile bu b\u00fcy\u00fck manevi anar\u015finin i\u00e7inde fark edilmeyebilir.\u0094\r
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\u0093…\u0130zmir\u0092de kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m \u00e7ok say\u0131daki ayd\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f insan \u0130zmirlilerin bilim ve sanattan anlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yak\u0131n\u0131yordu. Fakat ayn\u0131 insanlar da di\u011fer yandan, \u0091Ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde nefis bir g\u00fcne\u015fimiz ve tam anlam\u0131yla \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz var.\u0092 diyebiliyorlard\u0131. Her milletin kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 oluyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u0130ngilizlerin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, \u00e7evresindeki her \u015feyi kapsayan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z ve kurals\u0131z ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00fclke bir \u0130ngiliz i\u00e7in en k\u00f6t\u00fc barbarl\u0131k olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.\u0094<\/i>\r
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Buradan hareketle Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemi\u0092nde \u0130zmir\u0092in Bat\u0131\u0092n\u0131n gereksinimleri do\u011frultusunda i\u015flevsellik kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kentsel olarak bu gereklere g\u00f6re \u015fekillendi\u011fini toplumsal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olarak da bu gereklere g\u00f6re belirlendi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r. Bu kentsel ve toplumsal olarak \u015fekilleni\u015f \u0130zmir\u0092in bu d\u00f6neme damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurmu\u015f; burada zaman i\u00e7inde k\u00f6ks\u00fczle\u015ferek, yabanc\u0131la\u015farak ve me\u00e7hulle\u015ferek kozmopolitle\u015fen kitle kural tan\u0131maz \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck i\u00e7inde ya\u015farken, yerli kitleye Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n bu oldu\u011fu alg\u0131s\u0131 se\u00e7enek olarak kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yerli kitleden bu kozmopolit yap\u0131ya ge\u00e7enler kendilerini Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f olarak alg\u0131lamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.\r
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\u0130zmir\u0092in kozmopolit yap\u0131s\u0131 (Frenk Mahallesi) i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen her \u015fey \u0130zmir\u0092in biricikli\u011fine ve \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne referans te\u015fkil eder olmu\u015ftur. Bu kural tan\u0131mazl\u0131k i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen her \u015fey \u0130zmir\u0092e ve \u0130zmirliye \u00f6zg\u00fc olarak alg\u0131lanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131, tarihin bir d\u00f6neminde \u0130zmir\u0092in konumundan kaynaklanan ama \u0130zmirli\u0092den ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak geli\u015fen bir sonu\u00e7tur. \u0130zmirli bu s\u00fcrece dahil olmu\u015f, \u0130zmir\u0092in bu \u015fekilleni\u015finde sadece \u00f6teki olarak rol alm\u0131\u015f ve kendisinden talep edilen iktisadi rol\u00fc yerine getirmi\u015ftir. Bu duruma mesafeli duran kesimler dahi kentin bu yap\u0131s\u0131ndan etkilenmi\u015fler, nimetlerinden yararlanm\u0131\u015flar ve ge\u00e7 de olsa kentin ticari ya\u015fam\u0131na dahil olmu\u015flard\u0131r.\r
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Bu yap\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0130zmir\u0092e hi\u00e7 gelmedi\u011fi halde \u0130zmir i\u00e7in \u015fiir yazan Viktor Hugo\u0092nun dizeleri sembol haline gelmi\u015f\/getirilmi\u015f ve bu yap\u0131n\u0131n alg\u0131lanmas\u0131nda perde vazifesi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \r
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S\u00f6z geldi Levanten kimli\u011fine; onu da bir sonraki yaz\u0131da de\u011ferlendirelim.

Related Images:<\/h3>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u015eimdiye kadar \u0130zmir ile ilgi yay\u0131nlarda kente dair bilgilerin nas\u0131l yanl\u0131\u015f olarak dolay\u0131ma sokuldu\u011fu \u00fczerinde durduk. Bu yaz\u0131da iki kavram \u00fczerinde durmakta yarar oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kentyasam.com.tr\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/64013"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kentyasam.com.tr\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kentyasam.com.tr\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kentyasam.com.tr\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kentyasam.com.tr\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=64013"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/kentyasam.com.tr\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/64013\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kentyasam.com.tr\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=64013"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kentyasam.com.tr\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=64013"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kentyasam.com.tr\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=64013"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}