Ord. Prof. Dr. S\u00fcheyl \u00dcnver, \u201c\u0130stanbul Risaleleri\u201d isimli eserinde Fatih\u2019in bedduas\u0131n\u0131 kaydeder. Fatih Sultan Mehmet, \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethinden sonra kenti gezerken, kapal\u0131 bir mekandan inilti duyar. Fatih, sesin sahibini oradan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131p, yan\u0131na getirtir. Neden hapsedildi\u011fini sorar. Adam, gelecekten haber veren bir kahin oldu\u011funu, ku\u015fatma s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019un T\u00fcrkler’in eline ge\u00e7ece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyince Bizans imparatorunun gazab\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu nedenle hapse at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. Bu kez Fatih kahine, “\u0130stanbul\u2019un T\u00fcrkler’in elinden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p \u00e7\u0131kmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131” sorar. Ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 cevap \u015fu olur:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201c\u0130stanbul, T\u00fcrklerin elinden harp ve darp ile \u00e7\u0131kmayacak. Lakin \u00f6yle bir zaman gelecek ki, m\u00fclk ve arazileriniz sat\u0131lacak, bu suretle \u0130stanbul, T\u00fcrk mal\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kacak.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Fatih, bu s\u00f6zler \u00fczerine ellerini havaya kald\u0131rarak \u015fu bedduada bulunur: <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u0130stanbul\u2019da fethetti\u011fim yerleri yabanc\u0131lara satanlar, Allah\u2019\u0131n gazab\u0131na u\u011fras\u0131nlar.\u201d\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Fatih, yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131n almas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yabanc\u0131lar bu yasa\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ncelikle Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131 ki\u015filerle evlilikler yaparak delmi\u015fler, sonras\u0131nda da 1867\u2019de Vilayetler Kanunu ile gayrimenkul alma hakk\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Halk\u0131n \u201cgavur\u201d dedi\u011fi, kendilerini \u201cLevanten\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlayan bu ki\u015filer \u0130stanbul\u2019da Ayasofya civar\u0131nda, Marmara, Bo\u011faz ve Hali\u00e7 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda, \u0130zmir\u2019de ise Alsancak\u2019ta Frenk Mahallesi’nde, Buca\u2019da, Bornova\u2019da, Torbal\u0131\u2019da geni\u015f arazilerin sahipleri olmu\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1878 Osmanl\u0131 – Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 (93 Harbi) sonras\u0131ndan itibaren ata topraklar\u0131n\u0131 terk ederek \u0130zmir\u2019e yerle\u015fmek zorunda kalan fakir M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar sahil b\u00f6lgedeki zengin H\u0131ristiyan halk\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerler i\u00e7in \u201cGavur \u0130zmir\u201d demi\u015fler. O zamanlar Samsun\u2019da da \u201cGavur Samsun\u201d denen bir b\u00f6lge varm\u0131\u015f. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 1465’te Fatih d\u00f6nemi tarih yazar\u0131 Enveri taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nan D\u00fcsturname-i Enveri\u2019de de Hisar\u00f6n\u00fc Camisi civar\u0131nda bulunan Liman Kale’deki sahil kesim \u201cGavur \u0130zmir” olarak an\u0131l\u0131r. 15. Y\u00fczy\u0131l’da \u0130ran’da ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fc bir Timur Devleti tarih yazar\u0131 \u015eerafeddin Yezdi \u201cZafername\u201d adl\u0131 eserinde Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n elindeki A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Kale i\u00e7in \u201c\u0130zmir-i Gebran (Gavurlar \u0130zmir\u2019i)\u201d demektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l’da kentteki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar’dan bu terimi duyan baz\u0131 Avrupal\u0131 gezginler de Levantenler’in ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 sahil b\u00f6lgesini \u201cGavur \u0130zmir\u201d olarak nitelendirmektedirler. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi \u0130zmir \u201cgavur\u201d terimine yabanc\u0131 de\u011fildir. Fakat t\u00fcm kenti kapsayan bir tan\u0131m da de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1788\u2019de Londra\u2019da do\u011fan, 1824\u2019de Yunanistan – Mesolongi\u2019de hayata veda eden, \u00fcnl\u00fc Anglo – \u0130sko\u00e7 \u015fair Lord Byron, \u0130stanbul ve \u0130zmir\u2019i Levanten d\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnden izlemi\u015fti. 1809 -1811 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Arnavutluk, Yunanistan, \u0130stanbul, \u0130zmir ve \u00c7anakkale\u2019yi kapsayan bir gezi yapm\u0131\u015f, Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda olan topraklarda ya\u015fayanlar hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6zlemlerini \u015fiirlerine yans\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Byron, 1810 y\u0131l\u0131 5 Mart ve 11 Nisan aras\u0131nda \u0130zmir\u2019i ziyaret etmi\u015f, \u0130ngiliz Konsoloslu\u011fu’nda konaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bornova\u2019da Whittall Ailesi’ne misafir olmu\u015f, 11 Nisan sonras\u0131nda birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn de Efes\u2019i gezmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cThe Giaour, A Fragment of a Turkish Tale (Gavur, Bir T\u00fcrk Hikayesinden Bir K\u0131s\u0131m)\u201d bug\u00fcn bile okunan \u00f6nemli bir eserdir. Uzun dramatik bir \u015fiir olan The Giaour\u2019da Byron kahvehanelerden birinde bir halk ozan\u0131ndan duyduklar\u0131n\u0131 kendi ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir olaydan da esinlenerek kurgular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1813\u2019de yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fiirde Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6neticisi Hassan\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6zdesi Leila, Venedik as\u0131ll\u0131 sevgilisine, yani Giaour\u2019a kavu\u015fmak i\u00e7in haremden ka\u00e7mas\u0131, Hassan ve adamlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yakalanan Leila\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Sevdi\u011fi kad\u0131n\u0131 bu k\u00f6t\u00fc sondan kurtaramam\u0131\u015f olman\u0131n ac\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131na d\u00f6nen Giaour intikam almay\u0131 akl\u0131na koyar, pusu kurup Hassan\u2019\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Byron\u2019\u0131n \u015fiirlerinde bir\u00e7ok T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelime yer almaktad\u0131r. \u0130ngilizcede \u201cgavur (M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan – dinsiz)\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cinfidel\u201d kelimesi yerine \u015fiirine \u201cGiaour\u201d ismi vermesi olumlu ve olumsuz ele\u015ftiriler alm\u0131\u015f, Avrupa\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck yank\u0131lar uyand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cGavur\u201d terimini Avrupa literat\u00fcr\u00fcne yerle\u015ftiren Lord Byron, 1867\u2019deki Vilayetler Kanunu \u00f6ncesinde yak\u0131nlar\u0131na yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu mektuplar\u0131nda kentten sadece \u201c\u0130zmir\u201d olarak s\u00f6z etmektedir. \u201cGavur \u0130zmir\u201d tan\u0131m\u0131 kullanmamaktad\u0131r. Frenk Mahallesi ve civar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cGavur \u0130zmir\u201d nitelemesi 1867\u2019den sonra Bat\u0131l\u0131lar’\u0131n da diline ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n Ord. Prof. Dr. S\u00fcheyl \u00dcnver, \u201c\u0130stanbul Risaleleri\u201d isimli eserinde Fatih\u2019in bedduas\u0131n\u0131 kaydeder. Fatih Sultan Mehmet, \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethinden sonra kenti gezerken, kapal\u0131 bir mekandan inilti duyar. 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